An application program (app or application for short) is a computer program designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user. Examples of an application include a word processor, a spreadsheet, an accounting application, a web browser, a media player, an aeronautical flight simulator, a console game or a photo editor. The collective noun application software refers to all applications collectively. This contrasts with system software, which is mainly involved with running the computer.
пятница, 24 февраля 2017 г.
alpha version- normally the first version of a software application that is feature-ready and released to testers
"Alpha versions are rarely released to the public and frequently contain serious bugs."
beta version- a software program used for testing purposes before it is released to the public "The beta version of our program was released for testing yesterday."
freeware- software distributed without cost by the developer which normally cannot be modified or sold without permission "The woman said she always searched for freeware versions of an application before buying one."
help file- a file containing instructions how to use a certain feature or program "The help file often contains useful program shortcuts."
patch - a software update intended to fix bugs or security holes in a software release "Software patches and other updates should be available on a software publisher's web site."
RC --(release candidate) a piece of software that has passed the beta testing stage and is almost ready to be released to the public "Apple refers internally to a release candidate as "the golden master.""
shareware- proprietary software which can be distributed freely but is limited by features and/or time limit until a full version is purchased "Many companies have a shareware version of their software with a 30-day free trial."
upgrade--- to replace an older version of software or hardware with a newer version "The man needed to upgrade his office suite so he could export files as XML"
beta version- a software program used for testing purposes before it is released to the public "The beta version of our program was released for testing yesterday."
freeware- software distributed without cost by the developer which normally cannot be modified or sold without permission "The woman said she always searched for freeware versions of an application before buying one."
help file- a file containing instructions how to use a certain feature or program "The help file often contains useful program shortcuts."
patch - a software update intended to fix bugs or security holes in a software release "Software patches and other updates should be available on a software publisher's web site."
RC --(release candidate) a piece of software that has passed the beta testing stage and is almost ready to be released to the public "Apple refers internally to a release candidate as "the golden master.""
shareware- proprietary software which can be distributed freely but is limited by features and/or time limit until a full version is purchased "Many companies have a shareware version of their software with a 30-day free trial."
upgrade--- to replace an older version of software or hardware with a newer version "The man needed to upgrade his office suite so he could export files as XML"
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Which operating systems have you tried? Which do you like best? Why?
What users typically prefer CLI operating systems? What users typically prefer GUI operating systems? Why?
Research one of the following operating systems and write a short review: MS-DOS, Windows 7, Mac OSX, Android, IOS, FreeBSD, Linux.
Which operating systems have you tried? Which do you like best? Why?
What users typically prefer CLI operating systems? What users typically prefer GUI operating systems? Why?
Research one of the following operating systems and write a short review: MS-DOS, Windows 7, Mac OSX, Android, IOS, FreeBSD, Linux.
A great example of an up and coming OS is Ubuntu. Ubuntu is a Linux operating system which is totally free, and ships with nearly every application you will ever need already installed. Even a professional quality office suiteis included by default. What's more, thousands of free, ready-to-use applications can be downloaded and installed with a few clicks of the mouse. This is a revolutionary feature in an OS and can save lots of time, not to mention hundreds or even thousands of dollars on a single PC. Not surprisingly, Ubuntu's OS market share is growing very quickly around the world.
As an IT professional, you will probably have to learn and master several, if not all, the popular operating
systems. If you think this sort of thing is fun and interesting, then you have definitely chosen the right career ;)
We have learned a little about operating systems in this introduction and you are ready to do more research on your own. The operating system is the lowest software layer that a typical user will deal with every day. That is what makes it special and worth studying in detail
As an IT professional, you will probably have to learn and master several, if not all, the popular operating
systems. If you think this sort of thing is fun and interesting, then you have definitely chosen the right career ;)
We have learned a little about operating systems in this introduction and you are ready to do more research on your own. The operating system is the lowest software layer that a typical user will deal with every day. That is what makes it special and worth studying in detail
An OS must have at least one kind of user interface. Today there are two major kinds of user interfaces in use, the command line interface(CLI) and the graphical user interface(GUI). Right now you are most likely using a GUI interface, but your system probably also contains a command line interface as well.
Typically speaking, GUIs are intended for general use and CLIs are intended for use by computer engineers and system administrators. Although some engineers only use GUIs and some diehard geeks still use a CLI even to type an email or a letter.Examples of popular operating systems with GUI interfaces include Windows and Mac OS X. Unixsystems have two popular GUIs as well, known as KDE and Gnome, which run on top of X-Windows. All three of the above mentioned operating systems also have built-in CLI interfaces as well for power users and software engineers. The CLI in Windows is known as MS-DOS. The CLI in Max OS X is known as the Terminal. There are many CLIs for Unix and Linux operating systems, but the most popular one is called Bash.
Typically speaking, GUIs are intended for general use and CLIs are intended for use by computer engineers and system administrators. Although some engineers only use GUIs and some diehard geeks still use a CLI even to type an email or a letter.Examples of popular operating systems with GUI interfaces include Windows and Mac OS X. Unixsystems have two popular GUIs as well, known as KDE and Gnome, which run on top of X-Windows. All three of the above mentioned operating systems also have built-in CLI interfaces as well for power users and software engineers. The CLI in Windows is known as MS-DOS. The CLI in Max OS X is known as the Terminal. There are many CLIs for Unix and Linux operating systems, but the most popular one is called Bash.
суббота, 18 февраля 2017 г.
The most popular OS today is Microsoft Windows, which has about 85% of the market share for PCs and about 30% of the market share for servers. But there are different types of Windows OSs as well. Some common ones still in use are Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows Server. Each Windows OS is optimized for different users, hardware configurations, and tasks. For instance Windows 98 would still run on a brand new PC you might buy today, but it's unlikely Vista would run on PC hardware originally designed to run Windows 98.
There are many more operating systems out there besides the various versions of Windows, and each one is
optimized to perform some tasks better than others. Free BSD, Solaris, Linuxand Mac OS X are some good examples of non-Windows operating systems.
Geeks often install and run more than one OS an a single computer. This is possible with dual-booting or by
using a virtual machine. Why? The reasons for this are varied and may include preferring one OS for
programming, and another OS for music production, gaming, or accounting work.
There are many more operating systems out there besides the various versions of Windows, and each one is
optimized to perform some tasks better than others. Free BSD, Solaris, Linuxand Mac OS X are some good examples of non-Windows operating systems.
Geeks often install and run more than one OS an a single computer. This is possible with dual-booting or by
using a virtual machine. Why? The reasons for this are varied and may include preferring one OS for
programming, and another OS for music production, gaming, or accounting work.
Коли перекладаэш ці визначення, вчитайся в їх зміст англ мовою
GUI- (graphical user interface) an icon based link between a computer and its operator "Most users prefer an icon-based GUI over a command line option."
VM- (virtual machine- a software program which mimics the performance of one or more hardware devices in order to run software independently of the actual hardware "In order to run Java programs in Windows one needs to download an appropriate virtual machine."
X -(X Window System) a software toolkit for UNIX systems underlying numerous GUI window managers including KDE and Gnome "The man was surprised at how similar in functionality X was to Microsoft Windows."
OS- (operating system) a GUI or CLI software link between the computer and operator; also provides a framework for productivity software such as an office suite, web browser, or programming languages "The programmer tested his Java code on many operating systems including: Windows, Linux, and Macintosh."
Linux an open source version of Unix developed by a volunteer team of programmers around the world "Linux was originally developed by Linus Torvalds, who wanted a free Unix-like operating system that ran on standard PC hardware."
CLI (command line interface) a text-only link between a computer and its operator "The technician enjoyed administering the Unix server with the CLI tools."
GUI- (graphical user interface) an icon based link between a computer and its operator "Most users prefer an icon-based GUI over a command line option."
VM- (virtual machine- a software program which mimics the performance of one or more hardware devices in order to run software independently of the actual hardware "In order to run Java programs in Windows one needs to download an appropriate virtual machine."
X -(X Window System) a software toolkit for UNIX systems underlying numerous GUI window managers including KDE and Gnome "The man was surprised at how similar in functionality X was to Microsoft Windows."
OS- (operating system) a GUI or CLI software link between the computer and operator; also provides a framework for productivity software such as an office suite, web browser, or programming languages "The programmer tested his Java code on many operating systems including: Windows, Linux, and Macintosh."
Linux an open source version of Unix developed by a volunteer team of programmers around the world "Linux was originally developed by Linus Torvalds, who wanted a free Unix-like operating system that ran on standard PC hardware."
CLI (command line interface) a text-only link between a computer and its operator "The technician enjoyed administering the Unix server with the CLI tools."
Переклади видылене. А прочитай усе
A computer would be fairly useless without an OS, so today almost all computers come with an OS preinstalled. Before 1960, every computer model would normally have it's own OS custom programmed for the specific architecture of the machine's components. Now it is common for an OS to run on many different hardware configurations.
At the heart of an OS is the kernel, which is the lowest level, or core, of the operating system. The kernel is responsible for all the most basic tasks of an OS such as controlling the file systems and device drivers. The only lower-level software than the kernel would be the BIOS, which isn't really a part of the operating system.
The most popular OS today is Microsoft Windows, which has about 85% of the market share for PCs and about 30% of the market share for servers. But there are different types of Windows OSs as well. Some common ones still in use are Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows Server. Each Windows OS is optimized for different users, hardware configurations, and tasks. For instance Windows 98 would still run on a brand new PC you might buy today, but it's unlikely Vista would run on PC hardware originally designed to run Windows 98.
A computer would be fairly useless without an OS, so today almost all computers come with an OS preinstalled. Before 1960, every computer model would normally have it's own OS custom programmed for the specific architecture of the machine's components. Now it is common for an OS to run on many different hardware configurations.
At the heart of an OS is the kernel, which is the lowest level, or core, of the operating system. The kernel is responsible for all the most basic tasks of an OS such as controlling the file systems and device drivers. The only lower-level software than the kernel would be the BIOS, which isn't really a part of the operating system.
The most popular OS today is Microsoft Windows, which has about 85% of the market share for PCs and about 30% of the market share for servers. But there are different types of Windows OSs as well. Some common ones still in use are Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows Server. Each Windows OS is optimized for different users, hardware configurations, and tasks. For instance Windows 98 would still run on a brand new PC you might buy today, but it's unlikely Vista would run on PC hardware originally designed to run Windows 98.
Переклади:
An operating systemis a generic term for the multitasking software layer that lets you perform a wide array of 'lower level tasks' with your computer. By low-level tasks we mean:
An operating systemis a generic term for the multitasking software layer that lets you perform a wide array of 'lower level tasks' with your computer. By low-level tasks we mean:
- the ability to log on with a username and password
- log off the system and switch users
- format storage devices and set default levels of file compression
- install and upgrade device driversfor new hardware
- install and launch applications such as word processors, games, etc
- set file permissions and hidden files
- terminate misbehaving applications
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log on - to enter information related to an account name and its password in order to access a computer resource "The computer user could not log on because he forgot his username and password."
multitasking - concurrent execution of two or more tasks by a processor "UNIX is the original multitasking environment and was designed from the beginning to share resources over a network.
log off - to terminate a connection to a computer or network "The server was set to automatically log off users after 10 minutes of inactivity."
file permissions- a set of strict rules for controlling read, write, and execute access to a file or directory "The company switched from FAT32 to NTFS file system because the former did not support file permissions. "
format - prepare a device to store data, erasing any existing data "One must format a flash memory drive or a hard disk drive before it can used to store data."
hidden file - a file which does not appear by default in a directory listing; normally for security reasons or to spare confusion in end users "The administrator was upset when the end user found a way to display and then delete several hidden files."
kernel - the fundamental part of an operating system responsible for providing access to the machine's hardware "The system administrator needed to upgrade the kernel in order to provide native support for Serial ATA drives.
log on - to enter information related to an account name and its password in order to access a computer resource "The computer user could not log on because he forgot his username and password."
multitasking - concurrent execution of two or more tasks by a processor "UNIX is the original multitasking environment and was designed from the beginning to share resources over a network.
log off - to terminate a connection to a computer or network "The server was set to automatically log off users after 10 minutes of inactivity."
file permissions- a set of strict rules for controlling read, write, and execute access to a file or directory "The company switched from FAT32 to NTFS file system because the former did not support file permissions. "
format - prepare a device to store data, erasing any existing data "One must format a flash memory drive or a hard disk drive before it can used to store data."
hidden file - a file which does not appear by default in a directory listing; normally for security reasons or to spare confusion in end users "The administrator was upset when the end user found a way to display and then delete several hidden files."
kernel - the fundamental part of an operating system responsible for providing access to the machine's hardware "The system administrator needed to upgrade the kernel in order to provide native support for Serial ATA drives.
понедельник, 6 февраля 2017 г.
Дай відповіді на питання.
Have you ever written or modified any software? If so, what were the challenges you faced? If not, why not?
Name three pieces of software you use frequently. Why do you use them? What would you change about them?
Pretend you are the world's best programmer and can write computer code as fast as you can think. What kind of software would you write?
Have you ever written or modified any software? If so, what were the challenges you faced? If not, why not?
Name three pieces of software you use frequently. Why do you use them? What would you change about them?
Pretend you are the world's best programmer and can write computer code as fast as you can think. What kind of software would you write?
But what is the real difference between open source and closed source software? Is open source source software
just about saving money? Let's investigate. Let's say for instance you find a bug in the latest version of Mozilla
Firefox. The bug is causing a major project to fail and you need to fix it right away. This is not very likely to
happen, I realize, but it's just an example. You might take the following steps:
Step 1. Download and unzip (or uncompress) the source code from Mozilla.
Step 2. Use an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and a debugger to find and fix the bug in the source
code. Please note that you will need to know a little C++ to debug applications such as this.
Step 3. Test the fix and then use a compiler to turn the source code into a binary file. This can take a long time
for big programs. Once the source code is compiled then the program should work!
Step 4. You are almost done. Now send the bug fix back to the Mozilla Firefox team. They may even use your
bug fix in the next release!
Now imagine you find a bug in a proprietary code base such as Microsoft Word. What can you do? Not much,
just file a bug report and hope someone fixes it at some point.
This is a rather radical example, but I think it illustrates to a large degree why programmers generally prefer
open source software to closed source alternatives. Good programmers love code and they want access to it.
Hiding the code from a programmer is like hiding the car engine from an auto mechanic. We don't like it!
Прочитай і переклади виділене Software programs are normally written and compiled for certain hardware platforms. It is very important that
the software is compatible with all the components of the computer. For instance, you cannot run software
written for a Windows computer on a Macintosh computer or a Linux computer. Actually, you can, but you
need to have special emulation software or a virtual machine installed. Even with this special software installed,
it is still normally best to run a program on the kind of computer for which it was intended.
There are two basic kinds of software you need to learn about as an IT professional. The first is closed source or
proprietary software, which you are not free to modify and improve. An example of this kind of software is
Microsoft Windows or Adobe Photoshop. This software model is so popular that some people believe it's the
only model there is. But there's a whole other world of software out there.
The other kind of software is called open source software, which is normally free to use and modify (with some
restrictions of course). Examples of this type of software include most popular programming languages,
operating systems such as Linux, and thousands of applications such as Mozilla Firefox and Open Office.
суббота, 4 февраля 2017 г.
Переклади
Software normally has both features and bugs. Hopefully more of the former than the latter! When software has a bug there are a few things that can happen. The program can crash and terminate with a confusing message. This is not good. End users do not like confusing error messages such as:
Site error: the file /home7/businfc6/public_html/blog/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/seo-blog/core.php requires the ionCube PHP Loader ioncube_loader_lin_5.2.so to be installed by the site administrator.
Sometimes when software stops responding you are forced to manually abort the program yourself by pressing some strange combination of keys such as ctrl-alt-delete.
Прочитай та переклади виділене
For as long as there has been computer hardware, there has also been computer software. But what is software? Software is just instructions written by a programmer which tells the computer what to do. Programmers are also known as 'software developers', or just plain 'developers'.
Nothing much is simple about software. Software programs can have millions of lines of code. If one line doesn't work, the whole program could break! Even the process of starting software goes by many different names in English. Perhaps the most correct technical term is 'execute', as in "the man executed the computer program." Be careful, because the term 'execute' also means (in another context) to put someone to death! Some other common verbs used to start a software program you will hear are 'run', 'launch, and even 'boot' (when the software in question is an operating system).
end user - a person who uses a product or service on a computer
"Developers must maintain a close relationship with end users if they want to have a successful career."
error --an incorrect action attributable to poor judgment, ignorance, or inattention "The computer reported a "division by zero" error and automatically aborted the program."
execute-to start a program on a computer "The program was set to execute every night at midnight."
open source --a program in which the code is distributed allowing programmers to alter and change the original software as much as they like "The article stated that many programmers prefer open source solutions because they can modify features and fix bugs without waiting for an upgrade or patch from the manufacturer."
proprietary-- privately developed and owned technology "Because of proprietary code, you may not modify or redistribute the source code of Windows or Macintosh operating systems."
error --an incorrect action attributable to poor judgment, ignorance, or inattention "The computer reported a "division by zero" error and automatically aborted the program."
execute-to start a program on a computer "The program was set to execute every night at midnight."
open source --a program in which the code is distributed allowing programmers to alter and change the original software as much as they like "The article stated that many programmers prefer open source solutions because they can modify features and fix bugs without waiting for an upgrade or patch from the manufacturer."
proprietary-- privately developed and owned technology "Because of proprietary code, you may not modify or redistribute the source code of Windows or Macintosh operating systems."
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