An application program (app or application for short) is a computer program designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user. Examples of an application include a word processor, a spreadsheet, an accounting application, a web browser, a media player, an aeronautical flight simulator, a console game or a photo editor. The collective noun application software refers to all applications collectively. This contrasts with system software, which is mainly involved with running the computer.

alpha version- normally the first version of a software application that is feature-ready and released to testers "Alpha versions are rarely released to the public and frequently contain serious bugs."

beta version- a software program used for testing purposes before it is released to the public "The beta version of our program was released for testing yesterday."

 freeware- software distributed without cost by the developer which normally cannot be modified or sold without permission "The woman said she always searched for freeware versions of an application before buying one."

 help file- a file containing instructions how to use a certain feature or program "The help file often contains useful program shortcuts."

 patch - a software update intended to fix bugs or security holes in a software release "Software patches and other updates should be available on a software publisher's web site."

RC --(release candidate) a piece of software that has passed the beta testing stage and is almost ready to be released to the public "Apple refers internally to a release candidate as "the golden master.""

 shareware- proprietary software which can be distributed freely but is limited by features and/or time limit until a full version is purchased "Many companies have a shareware version of their software with a 30-day free trial."

 upgrade--- to replace an older version of software or hardware with a newer version "The man needed to upgrade his office suite so he could export files as XML"

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Which operating systems have you tried? Which do you like best? Why?
What users typically prefer CLI operating systems? What users typically prefer GUI operating systems? Why?
Research one of the following operating systems and write a short review: MS-DOS, Windows 7, Mac OSX, Android, IOS, FreeBSD, Linux.

A great example of an up and coming OS is Ubuntu. Ubuntu is a Linux operating system which is totally free, and ships with nearly every application you will ever need already installed. Even a professional quality office suiteis included by default. What's more, thousands of free, ready-to-use applications can be downloaded and installed with a few clicks of the mouse. This is a revolutionary feature in an OS and can save lots of time, not to mention hundreds or even thousands of dollars on a single PC. Not surprisingly, Ubuntu's OS market share is growing very quickly around the world.
As an IT professional, you will probably have to learn and master several, if not all, the popular operating
systems. If you think this sort of thing is fun and interesting, then you have definitely chosen the right career ;)
We have learned a little about operating systems in this introduction and you are ready to do more research on your own. The operating system is the lowest software layer that a typical user will deal with every day. That is what makes it special and worth studying in detail

An OS must have at least one kind of user interface. Today there are two major kinds of user interfaces in use, the command line interface(CLI) and the graphical user interface(GUI). Right now you are most likely using a GUI interface, but your system probably also contains a command line interface as well.
Typically speaking, GUIs are intended for general use and CLIs are intended for use by computer engineers and system administrators. Although some engineers only use GUIs and some diehard geeks still use a CLI even to type an email or a letter.Examples of popular operating systems with GUI interfaces include Windows and Mac OS X. Unixsystems have two popular GUIs as well, known as KDE and Gnome, which run on top of X-Windows. All three of the above mentioned operating systems also have built-in CLI interfaces as well for power users and software engineers. The CLI in Windows is known as MS-DOS. The CLI in Max OS X is known as the Terminal. There are many CLIs for Unix and Linux operating systems, but the most popular one is called Bash.

The most popular OS today is Microsoft Windows, which has about 85% of the market share for PCs and about 30% of the market share for servers. But there are different types of Windows OSs as well. Some common ones still in use are Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows Server. Each Windows OS is optimized for different users, hardware configurations, and tasks. For instance Windows 98 would still run on a brand new PC you might buy today, but it's unlikely Vista would run on PC hardware originally designed to run Windows 98.
There are many more operating systems out there besides the various versions of Windows, and each one is 
optimized to perform some tasks better than others. Free BSD, Solaris, Linuxand Mac OS X are some good examples of non-Windows operating systems.
Geeks often install and run more than one OS an a single computer. This is possible with dual-booting or by
using a virtual machine. Why? The reasons for this are varied and may include preferring one OS for 
programming, and another OS for music production, gaming, or accounting work.